Well there’s lots of ways to measure speed. Some use a worm gear in the transmission, some use a sensor on the wheel hub. But all of them take tire diameter into account, unless you count like GPS, which afaik (though probably some really shitty privacy invading car may prove me wrong) isn’t a thing for speedometers and odometers

So yes, all production cars, I believe.

You’re absolutely right!

I don’t know of a single car that it wouldn’t affect, but there could be some using a gps speed instead? Sounds like a bad idea to me

Well, I’d argue it’s not a blanket “no”. I’ve owned 9 crotch rockets and all? Of them had speed sensors on front sprockets. A lot of similar or the same designs within, so surely it’s off ABS rings if they’re newer, but a fair few of them have had speed deviations because of that

Hi! I was a controls engineering in the automotive industry in the US for a while.

Yup. You sure should! Some cars even have tire dimensions and quick selections of winter/summer tires for exactly that. Some cars make it much harder/impossible to do.

Same with motorcycles if you swap sprockets of course (a common modification)

Edit: seems bikes are a pretty mixed bag where the speed sensor is. Your mileage (and speed) may vary there